strongly protested against the insinuation that the Lutherans taught consubstantiation.53 What, then, is the Lutheran understanding of the Real Presence, if it is not “consubstantiation”? What takes the place of the Roman doctrine on transubstantiation for Luther and the Lutheran Church? The answer is clear if one looks at Luther’s criticism of the medieval theories. We have seen in the Smalcald Articles how he deals very gently with the doctrine on concomitance, although he rejects it. Similarly